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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 2, Zeilen: 7-31 |
Quelle: Berg 1998 Seite(n): 10, 11, 15, Zeilen: 10:7-8.20-25; 11:5-14; 15:12-14.16-30 |
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| DAWKINS (1983) and later on DUNCAN (1996) have claimed that animal welfare is mainly related to the subjective feelings of the animals. In contrast, there are a number of different indicators for animal welfare can be used too, such as health and mortality, ethological measures, productivity, physiological and immunological measures (BROOM 1991). However, none of these indicators can give the full picture alone. Often ethical and political considerations must also be taken into account (SANDØE and SIMONSEN 1992). Thus, for example the Broiler Foot Health Programme was created in Sweden, as part of the Animal Welfare Programme (BERG 1998). In a review paper, SAVORY (1995) mentioned that poor litter quality is considered as one of the three main categories contributing to welfare problems in broilers. Similarly, HOCKING (1993) stated that poor litter is recognised as a welfare problem also in turkey production. HARMS and SIMPSON (1975) reported that birds with FPD had an unsteady walk. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to identify lameness caused by FPD in a commercial flock. As birds with FPD usually get the same kind of lesions on both feet severely affected birds are rarely seen limping, but are instead less likely to move. A part [sic] from animal welfare aspects, FPD is relevant to the poultry meat industry for several reasons. It has been indicated that broilers with severe FPD show slower weight gain (MARTLAND 1985; EKSTRAND and ALGERS 1997), which has been suggested to be a result of pain induced inappetance (MARTLAND 1985). In a paper describing a study on turkey poults, SCHMIDT and LÜDERS (1976) suggested that the lesions cause pain, resulting in reluctance to move and thus decreased feed consumption. MARTLAND (1984) reported an association between wet litter and a reduction in body weight in groups which also had a high incidence of FPD.
If the problem is widespread in a flock, this can lead to substantially reduced profit for the producer. As flocks with a high incidence of FPD often also show a high prevalence of other types of contact dermatitis, such as breast blisters and hock burns (GREENE et al. 1985; [MARTLAND 1985), in addition to lower body weights, downgrading may adversely affect the profitability of these flocks (WISE 1978).] BERG, C. (1998):
BROOM, D. (1991):
DAWKINS, M. (1983):
DUNCAN, I.J.H. (1996):
EKSTRAND, C. and B. ALGERS (1997):
GREENE, J.A., R.M. MCCRACKEN and R.T. EVANS (1985):
HARMS, R.H. and C.F. SIMPSON (1975):
HOCKING, P.M. (1993):
MARTLAND, M.F. (1984):
MARTLAND, M.F. (1985):
SANDØE, P. and H.B. SIMONSEN (1992):
SAVORY, J. (1995):
SCHMIDT, V. and H. LÜDERS (1976):
<br/Ulcerations of the sole and toe pads of fattened turkey cocks.
WISE, D.R. (1978):
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[Page 10]
For example, Dawkins (1983) and Duncan (1996) have claimed that animal welfare is mainly related to the subjective feelings of the animals, whereas Broom (1996) has stressed the animal’s ability to adapt to and cope with its environment as crucial for animal welfare. [...] When we want to assess animal welfare, there are a number of different indicators which can be used, such as productivity, mortality and health, ethological measures and physiological and immunological measures (Broom, 1991). None of these indicators can give the full picture alone. Often ethical and political considerations must also be taken into account (Rushen and de Passillé, 1992; Sandøe and Simonsen, 1992). [Page 11] In a review paper, Savory (1995) mentions poor litter quality as one of the three main categories contributing to welfare problems in broilers. Harms and Simpson (1975) reported that birds with foot-pad dermatitis had an unsteady walk, and Hester (1994) described how foot-pad dermatitis causes birds to walk with a hobbling gait. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to identify lameness caused by foot-pad dermatitis in a commercial flock. As broilers with foot-pad dermatitis usually get the same kind of lesions on both feet, severely affected birds are rarely seen limping, but are instead less likely to move. Poor litter is recognised as a welfare problem also in turkey production (Hocking, 1993). [...] Apart from animal welfare aspects, foot-pad dermatitis is relevant to the poultry meat industry for several reasons. It has been indicated that broilers with severe foot-pad dermatitis show slower weight gain (Martland, 1985; Ekstrand and Algers, 1997), which has been suggested to be a result of pain-induced inappetance (Martland, 1985). In a paper describing a study on turkey poults, Schmidt and Lüders (1976) suggested that the lesions cause pain, resulting in a reluctance to move and thus decreased feed consumption. Martland (1984) reported an association between wet litter and a reduction in body weight in groups which also had a high incidence of foot-pad dermatitis. If the problem is widespread in a flock, this can lead to substantially reduced profit for the producer. As flocks with a high incidence of foot-pad dermatitis often also show a high prevalence of other types of contact dermatitis, such as breast blisters and hock burns (Greene et al., 1985; Martland, 1985), in addition to lower body weights, downgrading may adversely affect the profitability of these flocks (Wise, 1978; Cravener et al., 1992). [Page 15] Thus the Broiler Foot-Health Programme was created, as a part of the Animal Welfare Programme (Figure 3). Broom, D. (1991). Assessing welfare and suffering. Behavioural Processes, 25: 117-123. Broom, D. M. (1996). Animal welfare defined in terms of attempts to cope with the environment. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 27(Section A, Animal Science Suplementum): 22-28. Cravener, T. L., Roush, W. B. and Mashaly, M. M. (1992). Broiler production under varying population densities. Poultry Science, 71(3): 427-433. Dawkins, M. (1983). Battery hens name their price: consumer demand theory and the measurement of ethological "needs". Animal Behaviour, 31: 1195-1205. Duncan, I. J. H. (1996). Animal welfare defined in terms of feelings. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 27(Section A, Animal Science Suplementum): 29-35. Ekstrand, C. and Algers, B. (1997). The effect of litter moisture on the development of foot-pad dermatitis in broilers. 11th International Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, Budapest. 370. Greene, J. A., McCracken, R. M. and Evans, R. T. (1985). A contact dermatitis of broilers - clinical and pathological findings. Avian Pathology, 14(1): 23-38. Harms, R. H. and Simpson, C. F. (1975). Biotin deficiency as a possible cause of swelling and ulceration of foot pads. Poultry Science, 54(5): 1711-1713. Hester, P. Y. (1994). The role of environment and management on leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl. Poultry Science, 73(6): 904-915. Hocking, P. M. (1993). Welfare of turkeys. 4th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Edinburgh, UFAW. 125-138. Martland, M. F. (1984). Wet litter as a cause of plantar pododermatitis, leading to foot ulceration and lameness in fattening turkeys. Avian Pathology, 13(2): 241-252. Martland, M. F. (1985). Ulcerative dermatitis in broiler chickens: the effects of wet litter. Avian Pathology, 14(3): 353-364. Rushen, J. and de Passillé, A. M. B. (1992). The scientific assessment of the impact of housing on animal welfare: a critical review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 72: 721-743. Sandøe, P. and Simonsen, H. B. (1992). Assessing animal welfare: where does science end and philosophy begin? Animal Welfare, 1: 257-267. Savory, J. (1995). Broiler Welfare: problems and prospects. Archiv für Geflügelkunde(Sonderheft 1): 48-52. Schmidt, V. and Lüders, H. (1976). Ulcerations of the sole and toe pads of fattened turkey cocks. Berlin München Tierarztlicher [sic] Wochenschrift, 89(3): 47-50. Wise, D. R. (1978). Nutrition-disease interactions of leg weakness in poultry. Recent advance in animal nutrition. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd, 1978: 41-57. |
Nothing has been marked as a citation. The author of the original text - C.C. Berg - is mentioned once among many other references in passing. There is no hint whatsoever that nearly all of this text including the large list of references stems from her. In one case Aae has also copied the wrong German title "Tierarztlicher Wochenschrift" for the "Tierärztliche Wochenschrift" from Berg (missing "Umlaut", wrong grammar). |
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