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Quelle: Waldenstedt et al 2001 Seite(n): 1412, Zeilen: left col. 10-17.19-20, right col. 1-6 |
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| It is generally believed that moist litter will favour the development of coccidiosis, because of the higher sporulation ability thus induced (CARD and NESHEIM 1972; MATTER and OESTER 1989). The infective form of Eimeria is highly resistant oocyst, which is shed in the excreta of infected birds. The oocyst is excreted from the host as an undifferentiated stage out side [sic] of the GIT, and in order to become infective it must sporulate. During sporulation four sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites, are formed within the oocyst (KHEYSIN 1972). The degree and rate of sporulated oocysts are important factors affecting the infection pressure in a flock of birds, thus influencing the epidemiology of the infections (WALDENSTEDT et al. 2001). Sporulation of the oocysts depends mainly on three basic factors: temperature, humidity, and access to oxygen (KHEYSIN 1972).
CARD, L.E. and M.C. NESHEIM (1972):
KHEYSIN, Y.M. (1972):
MATTER, F. and H. OESTER (1989):
WALDENSTEDT, L.; K. ELWINGÉR, A. LUNDEN, P. THEBO and A. UGGLA (2001):
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The infective form of Eimeria is the highly resistant oocyst, which is shed in the feces of infected animals. The oocyst is excreted from the host as an undifferentiated stage, and in order to become infective it must sporulate. During sporulation four sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites, are formed within the oocyst. Sporulation of the oocyst depends mainly on three basic factors; temperature, humidity, and access to oxygen (Kheysin, 1972). [...] The degree and rate of sporulation of excreted oocysts are important factors affecting the infection pressure in a flock of birds, thus influencing the epidemiology of the infections. It is generally believed that moist litter will favor the development of coccidiosis, because of the higher sporulation ability thus induced (Card and Nesheim, 1972; Matter and Oester, 1989).
Card, L. E., and M. C. Nesheim, 1972. Chapter 10. Diseases and parasites. Pages 244–273 in: Poultry Production. 11th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. Kheysin, Y. M., 1972. Chapter V. Sporulation of oocysts and their survival in the external environment. Pages 149–177 in: Life cycles of coccidia of domestic animals. K. S. Todd Jr., ed. University Park Press, London, UK. Matter, F., and H. Oester, 1989. Hygiene and welfare implications of alternative husbandry systems for laying hens. Pages 201–212 in: Proceedings from the 3rd European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. J. M. Faure and D. Mills, eds. Tours, France. |
Even though the source is named (once) nothing has been marked as a citation. The takeover is word of word and extends to the references. |
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