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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 22, Zeilen: 1-13 |
Quelle: Bedard Krause 2007 Seite(n): 246, Zeilen: l.col: 21ff |
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| [Other elements in the cascade of ROS generation include the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the peroxidase-catalyzed formation of hypochlorous acid] (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide, and the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction leading to the generation of hydroxyl radical58. ROS avidly interact with a large number of molecules including other small inorganic molecules as well as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Through such interactions, ROS may irreversibly destroy or alter the function of the target molecule and consequently, ROS have been increasingly identified as major contributors to damage in biological organisms. However, ROS are involved not only in cellular damage and killing of pathogens, but also in a large number of reversible regulatory signalling processes in virtually all cells and tissues59. The physiological generation of ROS can occur as a result of other biological reactions. For example, ROS generation occurs as a byproduct in the mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytochrome P-450, and other cellular elements58. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase was the first identified example of a system that generates ROS not as a byproduct, but rather as the primary function of this enzyme system59.
58. Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000;279:L1005-1028. 59. Bedard K, Krause K-H. The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 2007;87:245-313. |
Other elements in the cascade of ROS generation include the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, the peroxidase-catalyzed formation of hypochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide, and the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction leading to the generation of hydroxyl radical (468, 874).
ROS avidly interact with a large number of molecules including other small inorganic molecules as well as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Through such interactions, ROS may irreversibly destroy or alter the function of the target molecule. Consequently, ROS have been increasingly identified as major contributors to damage in biological organisms. [...] In fact, ROS are involved not only in cellular damage and killing of pathogens, but also in a large number of reversible regulatory processes in virtually all cells and tissues. [...] [...] The physiological generation of ROS can occur as a byproduct of other biological reactions. ROS generation as a byproduct occurs with mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytochrome P-450, and other cellular elements (50, 307, 314, 356, 588, 636, 715, 791, 874). However, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase was the first identified example of a system that generates ROS not as a byproduct, but rather as the primary function of the enzyme system. [...] 874. Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L1005–L1028, 2000. [...] |
The copied text starts on the previous page: see: Arc/Fragment_021_22. The source is given twice, but still it is not clear to the reader that everything is taken more or less verbatim from the source, including the reference to Thannickal & Fanburg (2000). |
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