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| [1.] Br/Fragment 076 04 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2016-05-21 17:47:34 Schumann | Br, Fragment, Gesichtet, Martin und Kosik 2002, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 76, Zeilen: 4-12, 14-24 |
Quelle: Martin und Kosik 2002 Seite(n): 815-816, Zeilen: 815:re.Sp.: letzte Zeile - 816: li.Sp. 1-8.27-30.35-37.54-59 - re.Sp. 1-6 |
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| The local activation of PKA and local regulation of ubiquitin-proteosome pathway can serve as synaptic tag that combine with transcriptional events to produce persistent and local synaptic strengthening (Chain et al., 1999; Hegde et al., 1997; Schwartz et al., 1999).
Changes in adhesion molecule are likely to underlie the morphological changes that are associated with synaptic strengthening (Kandel et al., 1993). In consistent with the idea that cell adhesion molecule dynamics could serve as synaptic tags, alterations in cell adhesion molecule at the synapse have been found to occur during many form of the synaptic plasticity. [...] They [the cadherins] have been shown to dimerize and alter their conformation during depolarization (Tanaka et al., 2000). Another potential candidate for a synaptic tag that has recently received significant attention is the actin micro filament network at the synapse. The actin network in neurons is extremely dynamic, and these dynamics have been shown to change with activity (Matus et al., 2000; Murthy et al., 2001). Changes in the actin cytoskeleton probably accompany changes in cell-adhesion molecules, as most adhesion molecules are linked to the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, changes in the actin microfilament network are likely to underlie the growth of new synaptic structures that have been observed after repetitive stimulation of hippocampal synapses (Engert et al., 1999; Muller et al., 1999; Svoboda et al., 1999). • Bailey CH, Kandel ER (1993) Structural changes accompanying memory storage. Annu Rev Physiol 55:397-426. • Bozdagi O, Shan W, Tanaka H, Benson DL, Huntley GW (2000) Increasing numbers of synaptic puncta during late-phase LTP: N-cadherin is synthesized, recruited to synaptic sites, and required for potentiation. Neuron 28:245-59. • Engert F, Bonhoeffer T (1999) Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Nature 399:66-70. • Matus A (2000) Actin based plasticity in dendritic spines. Science 290:754-758. • Muller RU, Poucet B, Fenton AA, Cressant A (1999) Is the hippocampus of the rat part of a specialized navigational system? Hippocampus 9:413-22. • Star EN, Kwiatkowski DJ, Murthy VN (2002) Rapid turnover of actin in dendritic spines and its regulation by activity.Nat Neurosci 5:239-46. • Svoboda K, Helmchen F, Denk W, Tank DW (1999) Spread of dendritic excitation in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in rat barrel cortex in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2:65-73. |
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Together, these findings raise the possibility that local activation of [Seite 816] PKA and local regulation of the ubiquitin–PROTEASOME pathway can serve as synaptic tags that combine with transcriptional events (for example, the induction of the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase) to produce persistent and local synaptic strengthening. Adhesion molecules. Changes in adhesion are likely to underlie the morphological changes that are associated with synaptic strengthening16. [...] Consistent with the idea that adhesion-molecule dynamics could serve as synaptic tags, alterations in cell-adhesion molecules at the synapse have been found to occur during many forms of synaptic plasticity. [...] Also, the cadherins have been shown to dimerize and alter their conformation during depolarization22, and the number of cadherin-positive synapses has been shown to increase in a protein-synthesis-dependent manner during LTP23. [...] Actin network. Another potential candidate for a synaptic tag that has recently received significant attention is the actin microfilament network at the synapse. The actin network in neurons is extremely dynamic, and these dynamics have been shown to change with activity27,28. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton probably accompany changes in cell-adhesion molecules, as most adhesion molecules are linked to the cytoskeleton. In addition, changes in the actin microfilament network are likely to underlie the growth of new synaptic structures that has been observed after repetitive stimulation of hippocampal synapses29–31 and after serotonergic stimulation of Aplysia sensorimotor connections32. 16. Bailey, C. H. & Kandel, E. R. Structural changes accompanying memory storage. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55, 397–426 (1993). 22. Tanaka, H. et al. Molecular modification of N-cadherin in response to synaptic activity. Neuron 25, 93–107 (2000). 23. Bozdagi, O., Shan, W., Tanaka, H., Benson, D. L. & Huntley, G. W. Increasing numbers of synaptic puncta during late-phase LTP: N-cadherin is synthesized, recruited to synaptic sites, and required for potentiation. Neuron 28, 245–259 (2000). 27. Fischer, M., Kaech, S., Wagner, U., Brinkhaus, H. & Matus, A. Glutamate receptors regulate actin-based plasticity in dendritic spines. Nature Neurosci. 3, 887–894 (2000). 28. Star, E. N., Kwiatkowski, D. J. & Murthy, V. N. Rapid turnover of actin in dendritic spines and its regulation by activity. Nature Neurosci. 5, 239–246 (2002). 29. Engert, F. & Bonhoeffer, T. Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Nature 399, 66–70 (1999). 30. Maletic-Savatic, M., Malinow, R. & Svoboda, K. Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. Science 283, 1923–1927 (1999). 31. Toni, N., Buchs, P. A., Nikonenko, I., Bron, C. R. & Muller, D. LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite. Nature 402, 421–425 (1999). |
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