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| [1.] Iam/Fragment 007 10 - Diskussion Bearbeitet: 11. March 2014, 18:33 (Graf Isolan) Erstellt: 5. March 2014, 15:15 Graf Isolan | Fragment, Iam, KeinPlagiat, Malik et al 2010, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel, ZuSichten |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 7, Zeilen: 10-31 |
Quelle: Malik et al 2010 Seite(n): 1801-1802, Zeilen: 1801: right col. 14ff - 1802:left col. 1ff |
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| Chemokines are thought to be responsible for recruiting inflammatory cells. They are actively involved in inflammation, tissue repair and development of fibrosis (Marra 2002). The chemokine family is divided into four main groups based on their structure and chemotactic activity for specific leukocyte populations: C, CC, CXC and CX3C. The subset of CXC chemokines containing a glycine-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif, which immediately precedes the CXC residues, selectively targets neutrophils. While there are seven ELR+ CXC chemokines in the human genome, only four have been identified in the murine genome: keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)/CXCL1, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)/CXCL2, LPS-induced chemokine (LIX)/CXCL5 and CXCL15/lungkine (Bozic et al. 1995;Rossi et al. 1999;Wolpe et al. 1989).
The CXC (or α) chemokines, such as Interleukin-8 (IL-8)/CXCL8, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP10, CXCL11/ITAC and CXCL12/SDF1 have the potential to activate and attract neutrophils and T lymphocytes (Harris et al. 1996) while the C-C (or β) chemokines, such as MCP1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MIP-3α/CCL20 and MIP-3β/CCL19, are predominantly chemoattractants for multiple leukocyte subtypes, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils (Ajuebor et al. 1998). Neutrophil recruitment is regulated by a complex array of signals (Frangogiannis et al. 2002) including activated complement and the CXC family chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8 or CINC-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2/CXCL2), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC/CXCL1/Gro-α), and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC-chemokine (LIX/CXCL5) (Baggiolini 1998;Chandrasekar et al. 2001). Ajuebor MN, Flower RJ, Hannon R, Christie M, Bowers K, Verity A, Perretti M (1998) Endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 recruits monocytes in the zymosan peritonitis model. J Leukoc Biol 63:108-116 Baggiolini M (1998) Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 392:565-568 Bozic CR, Kolakowski LF, Jr., Gerard NP, Garcia-Rodriguez C, von Uexkull-Guldenband C, Conklyn MJ, Breslow R, Showell HJ, Gerard C (1995) Expression and biologic characterization of the murine chemokine KC. J Immunol 154:6048-6057 Chandrasekar B, Smith JB, Freeman GL (2001) Ischemia-reperfusion of rat myocardium activates nuclear factor-KappaB and induces neutrophil infiltration via lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine. Circulation 103:2296-2302 Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML (2002) The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 53:31-47 Harris JG, Flower RJ, Watanabe K, Tsurufuji S, Wolitzky BA, Perretti M (1996) Relative contribution of the selectins in the neutrophil recruitment caused by the chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221:692-696 Marra F (2002) Chemokines in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Front Biosci 7:d1899-d1914 Rossi DL, Hurst SD, Xu Y, Wang W, Menon S, Coffman RL, Zlotnik A (1999) Lungkine, a novel CXC chemokine, specifically expressed by lung bronchoepithelial cells. J Immunol 162:5490-5497 Wolpe SD, Sherry B, Juers D, Davatelis G, Yurt RW, Cerami A (1989) Identification and characterization of macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:612-616 |
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Chemokines are thought to be responsible for recruiting inflammatory cells. They are actively involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and development of fibrosis.3 The chemokine family is divided into four main groups based on their structure and chemotactic activity for specific leukocyte populations: C, CC, CXC, and CX3C. The subset of CXC chemokines containing a glycine-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif, which immediately precedes the CXC residues, selectively targets neutrophils. Although there are seven ELR+ CXC chemokines in the human genome, only four have been identified in the murine genome: keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)/CXCL1, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)/CXCL2, lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokine (LIX)/CXCL5, and CXCL15/lungkine.4–6 The CXC (or α) chemokines, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8)/CXCL8, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/ITAC, [Page 1802] and CXCL12/SDF1, have the potential to activate and attract neutrophils and T lymphocytes,7 whereas the CC (or β) chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MIP-3α/CCL20, and MIP-3β/CCL19, are predominantly chemoattractants for multiple leukocyte subtypes, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils.8 Neutrophil recruitment is regulated by a complex array of signals,9 including activated complement and the CXC family chemokines IL-8/CXCL8 or CINC-1, MIP-2/CXCL2, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC/CXCL1/Gro-α), and LIX/CXCL5.10,11 3. Marra F: Chemokines in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Front Biosci 2002, 7:d1899–d1914 4. Bozic CR, Kolakowski LF Jr, Gerard NP, Garcia-Rodriguez C, von Uexkull-Guldenband C, Conklyn MJ, Breslow R, Showell HJ, Gerard C: Expression and biologic characterization of the murine chemokine KC. J Immunol 1995, 154:6048–6057 5. Rossi DL, Hurst SD, Xu Y, Wang W, Menon S, Coffman RL, Zlotnik A: Lungkine, a novel CXC chemokine, specifically expressed by lung bronchoepithelial cells. J Immunol 1999, 162:5490–5497 6. Wolpe SD, Sherry B, Juers D, Davatelis G, Yurt RW, Cerami A: Identification and characterization of macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:612–616 7. Harris JG, Flower RJ, Watanabe K, Tsurufuji S, Wolitzky BA, Perretti M: Relative contribution of the selectins in the neutrophil recruitment caused by the chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 221:692–696 8. Ajuebor MN, Flower RJ, Hannon R, Christie M, Bowers K, Verity A, Perretti M: Endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 recruits monocytes in the zymosan peritonitis model. J Leukoc Biol 1998, 63:108–116 9. Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML: The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2002, 53:31–47 10. Baggiolini M: Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 1998, 392:565–568 11. Chandrasekar B, Smith JB, Freeman GL: Ischemia-reperfusion of rat myocardium activates nuclear factor-KappaB and induces neutrophil infiltration via lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine. Circulation 2001, 103:2296–2302 |
According to Iam, pg. 95, the article Malik et al 2010 - note the ten co-authors - already existed, when the thesis was finished in 2009, and had already been "Submitted in Am. J. of path.". The paper was accepted for publication December 15, 2009. |
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| [2.] Iam/Fragment 008 01 - Diskussion Bearbeitet: 11. March 2014, 18:34 (Graf Isolan) Erstellt: 5. March 2014, 17:48 Graf Isolan | Fragment, Iam, KeinPlagiat, Malik et al 2010, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel, ZuSichten |
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Quelle: Malik et al 2010 Seite(n): 1802, Zeilen: left col. 14-19, 38-47 |
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| [This process is regulated at multiple levels but it may also] depend in part on the local production of chemoattractant cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α etc) or chemokines that function to modulate the activity of cell-surface adhesion receptors as well as to direct migration of targeted cells into the tissue site (Baggiolini 1998;Gerard and Rollins 2001). CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 (their receptor is CXCR2) are CXC chemokines that promote chemotaxis of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. Induction of CXCL2 and CXCL5 was observed in myocardial cells in an ischemia-reperfusion rat model and also after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment (Chandrasekar et al. 2001). CXCL2 has been shown able to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation (Tessier et al. 1997). Local expression of CXCL1 and of CXCL2 is important for neutrophil-dependent hepatic injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in mice (Lentsch et al. 1998).
Chandrasekar B, Smith JB, Freeman GL (2001) Ischemia-reperfusion of rat myocardium activates nuclear factor-KappaB and induces neutrophil infiltration via lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine. Circulation 103:2296-2302 Lentsch AB, Yoshidome H, Cheadle WG, Miller FN, Edwards MJ (1998) Chemokine involvement in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice: roles for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and Kupffer cells. Hepatology 27:507-512 Tessier PA, Naccache PH, Clark-Lewis I, Gladue RP, Neote KS, McColl SR (1997) Chemokine networks in vivo: involvement of C-X-C and C-C chemokines in neutrophil extravasation in vivo in response to TNF-alpha. J Immunol 159:3595-3602 |
This process is regulated at multiple levels, but it may also depend in part on the local production of chemoattractant cytokines (interferon-γ [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor-α, etc) or chemokines that function to modulate the activity of cell-surface adhesion receptors as well as to direct migration of targeted cells into the tissue site.10,12
[...] CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 (their receptor is CXCR2) are CXC chemokines that promote chemotaxis of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. Induction of CXCL2 and CXCL5 was observed in myocardial cells in an ischemia-reperfusion rat model and also after lipopolysaccharide treatment.11 CXCL2 has been shown able to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation.20 Local expression of CXCL1 and of CXCL2 is important for neutrophil-dependent hepatic injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in mice.21 10. Baggiolini M: Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 1998, 392:565–568 11. Chandrasekar B, Smith JB, Freeman GL: Ischemia-reperfusion of rat myocardium activates nuclear factor-KappaB and induces neutrophil infiltration via lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine. Circulation 2001, 103:2296–2302 12. Gerard C, Rollins BJ: Chemokines and disease. Nat Immunol 2001, 2:108–115 20. Tessier PA, Naccache PH, Clark-Lewis I, Gladue RP, Neote KS, McColl SR: Chemokine networks in vivo: involvement of C-X-C and C-C chemokines in neutrophil extravasation in vivo in response to TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1997, 159:3595–3602 21. Lentsch AB, Yoshidome H, Cheadle WG, Miller FN, Edwards MJ: Chemokine involvement in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice: roles for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and Kupffer cells. Hepatology 1998, 27:507–512 |
According to Iam, pg. 95, the article Malik et al 2010 - note the ten co-authors - already existed, when the thesis was finished in 2009, and had already been "Submitted in Am. J. of path.". The paper was accepted for publication December 15, 2009. |
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